PROPOSITION 215Timothy Daemon, At The Age Of 43 Is Just One Of

PROPOSITION 215Timothy Daemon, at the age of 43 is just one of the few individuals who suffer fromAIDS. He is constantly being monitored by hospitals at all times, and must take manydifferent painkillers each day to help relieve his pain. Timothy takes over twenty pills a dayand is also suffering from malnutrition because of AIDS wasting syndrome, which is a lackof appetite. There is no cure for Timothy or others like him with AIDS, so what can be doneto ease their suffering? Is there any way we can help poor Timothy and others like him intheir pain? There is, and its called Proposition 215. Proposition 215 deals with thelegalization of marijuana for medical usage only. Under current California State law, it is acrime to grow or possess marijuana, regardless of whether the marijuana is used to ease painor other symptoms associated with illness. Throughout the last two years proposition 215 has been a hot issue on the minds ofthe voters and California legislature. It has been passed t hrough both houses of the Californialegislature, but was vetoed by Governor Wilson (http://Vote96.ss.ca.gov.com). Despite allthe overwhelming support by many physicians, pharmacist, and voters prop. 215 still hasmuch opposition. The American Food and Drug Administration, James P. Fox, president ofCalifornia's District Attorneys Office and director of the National Drug Control Policy BarryMcCaffery are the strongest of the opposition. Barry McCaffery claims that the propositionwould make it easier for all people to get marijuana and it would add to the continuing drugproblem. He also stated that it would encourage kids to take marijuana because it makes itseem as if marijuana is a medicine and not bad for you ([emailprotected] pg. 1). Further more he expressed that it would create loopholes for drug dealers and users to avoid being arrested. Attorney General James P. Fox claims that anybody with an oral recommendation or written prescription bya physician can grow, posses, or smoke a s much marijuana as he or she pleases (http://Vote96.ss.ca.gov.com). The FDA claims that there are other alternatives that produce the same effect as marijuana and that marijuanais to damaging to the body ([emailprotected] pg.1). They now supply Marinol, a synthetic substitutefor marijuana that can cost $30,000 more a year than marijuana and is often less reliable and less effective([emailprotected] pg.1). Some of these arguments do make sense and need to be taken into consideration. I do believe thatit may encourage more children to use marijuana because it may seem to them as a form of medicine, whichit is not. It is a painkiller for terminally ill people. Also, the proposition specifically states that marijuanawould only be available to people with specific illnesses and they must have either a signature or verbalagreement from a physician and pharmacist. If a verbal agreement is given then the doctor can be put underoath in a court of law. The other arguments are simply preposte rous. Proposition 215 does not allowunlimited amounts of marijuana to be grown anywhere. It may only be grown for the patient's personal use. Police officers can still arrest anyone who tries to sell or grow too much marijuana. Today physicians are alsoallowed to prescribe powerful drugs like morphine and codeine, which are much more dangerous thanmarijuana. So it doesn't make any sense at all not to prescribe marijuana. I'm not saying they don't nave any good arguments. Yet with more pros than cons it's hard to see whymarijuana isn't available today for patients. In my opinion the government should do anything in their powerto try to help these patients. Marijuana is not magic, but often it is the only way to get relief. A HarvardUniversity survey found that almost one-half of cancer doctors surveyed would prescribe marijuana to someof their patients if it were legal ([emailprotected]). Marijuana isn't just for AIDS patients either.University doctors and researchers have found that marijuana is also effective in lowering internal eyepressure associated with glaucoma, slowing the onset of blindness. It can help cancer patients. Most havesevere reactions to the disease and chemotherapy, which commonly causes severe nausea and vomiting. Onein three patients discontinue treatment despite a 50% chance of improvement because of pain and suffering.When one in five Americans will have cancer, and 20 million may develop glaucoma, shouldn't ourgovernment

Inspirational Quotes About Teacher

Inspirational Quotes About Teacher Do you remember a teacher who inspired you? Do you want to thank that teacher for her or his selfless service? Here is your chance. Pick an inspirational quote for your teacher from this page and send it as a special message for your teacher. Each inspirational quote lauds the efforts of good teachers. Martin HeideggerTeaching is more difficult than learning because what teaching calls for is this: to let learn. The real teacher, in fact, lets nothing else be learned than learning. His conduct, therefore, often produces the impression that we properly learn nothing from him, if by learning we now suddenly understand merely the procurement of useful information.AnonymousIf you can read this, thank a teacher.Albert EinsteinIt is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.John GarrettThe job of a teacher is to excite in the young a boundless sense of curiosity about life, so that the growing child shall come to apprehend it with an excitement tempered by awe and wonder.Edmond H. FischerIt is commonly said that a teacher fails if he has not been surpassed by his students.David E. PriceThe impending teacher shortage is the most critical education issue we will face in the next decade.Malcolm S. ForbesEducations purpose is to replace an empty mind w ith an open one. Morihei UeshibaStudy how water flows in a valley stream, smoothly and freely between the rocks. Also learn from holy books and wise people. Everything even mountains, rivers, plants and trees should be your teacher.Richard BachLearning is finding out what we already know. Doing is demonstrating that you know it. Teaching is reminding others that they know just as well as you. You are all learners, doers and teachers.Thomas H. HuxleySit down before fact as a little child, be prepared to give up every preconceived notion, follow humbly wherever or whatever abysses nature leads, or you will learn nothing.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example ell as markets as same products are being sold in different national markets, increased capital mobility – firms move more freely between countries, improved connectivity in terms of transport and telecommunication, deregulation (fewer business related laws and restrictions) and liberalisations (removal of trade restrictions). Formation of larger economies within the world economy, a very god example is the European Union (EU). Free trade is always beneficial for the trading countries as it raises welfare and return is optimum. Then, why do countries go for protection? We concentrate our study on the infant industries and the consequence it faces in the face of global development. Global development also has its impact on businesses. The paper takes up two important aspects of business- Human resource management and research & development. Again, our motive is to access how these two aspects of business management and development helps in reducing the risks associated with global development. After establishing the effects of global development on businesses, we take up the two very aspects of marketing. A study of the consumer behaviour and the cultural aspects associated with it has been done in this paper. Infant industry argument is another face of selective protectionism and applied in developing countries most of the times than developed countries, though it began in US in the late 18th century and Germany in the 19th century as both these regarded its industries as underdeveloped compared o UK. New industries and specifically promising ones in the market need a platform to grow and beat the existing ones in their pursuit to grab the market. This is where the home country’s government gives protection from foreign competition, as exposure to foreign competition so soon might be a hurdle for their growth. This argument has faced lot of criticism because protecting every such infant industry is not justified. However, only those industries should be

Literature review and evaluation of the evidence Essay

Literature review and evaluation of the evidence - Essay Example With the patient as the â€Å"unit of analysis,† comparing the feedback-2 period with baseline, the proportion of patients who received any promoted strategy increased from 0.7% to 45.6% (P Pouzeratte et al (2001) reported that thoracic epidural analgesia was more effective with bupivacaine than with ropivacaine when these two local anesthetics are used in a mixture with sufentanil after major abdominal surgery and ropivacaine alone was less effective than ropivacaine in combination with sufentanil. Intensity of post-operative pain was assessed with a reliable and valid Visual Analogue Scale. The study was planned well with a prospective double blind design. In order to assess the tolerability and efficacy of a single dose of paracetamol solution infused intravenously (1g) compared with those of a single dose of Propacetamol (2g) in patients with moderate to severe pain after minor gynecologic surgery, a randomized, double blind, active controlled, 2-parallel group study was performed by Marty et al (2005). The study concluded that a single dose of IV-Paracetamol infusion was associated with better local tolerability, simlar analgesic efficacy, and greater patient satisfaction compared with a single bioequivalent dose of Propacetamol in patients with moderate to severe pain after minor gynecologic surgery. Charghi et al (2003) examined the hypothesis that pain treatment with patient controlled analgesia (PCA) using iv morphine is a suitable and safe alternative to epidural analgesia in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. They concluded that PCA with iv morphine is an acceptable strategy for pain management in obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Mujadi (2006) in a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial reported that preoperative gabapentin decreased pain scores and postoperative morphine consumption in patients following thyroid surgery. Reuben (2000) evaluated the analgesic efficacy of administering a single preoperative dose of celecoxib or rofecoxib for spinal fusion surgery. The study found that rofecoxib demonstrated an extended analgesic effect that lasted throughout the 24-h study. The morphine dose required was significantly less in five of the six time intervals in the rofecoxib group compared with the celecoxib group. Rockeymann (1997)compared the costs, quality of analgesia, and side effects of postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with bupivacaine/ sufentanil versus an epidural bolus (BOLUS) of clonidine/morphine in 68 patients with pancreatic surgery. An epidural clonidine/ morphine bolus technique resulted in inferior analgesia, more side effects, and comparable costs compared with a bupivacaine / sufentanil patient controlled

Job search plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job search plan - Research Paper Example Consequently, the formation forms a crucial source of natural gas reservoirs. Thus natural gas extracted from these reservoirs would be used as a source of energy. Marcellus Shale, like other fossil fuel formations such as oil and coal, was essentially formed through decomposition of remains of plants and animals over a long spell of time. Natural gas could be formed through two processes which include the following: Thermogenic formation. This process refers to the formation of natural gas as a result of temperature and pressure changes in the Earth’s crust resulting in compression effects on the overlying debris. Consequently, Marcellus Shale formation was as a result of a thermogenic formation process. Thus, the shale is a geological formation that was formed as a result of accumulation of sediments in the sea. Consequently, organic matter (such as the remains of plants and animals) was compressed at extremely high pressures for a long time. This process resulted in the formation of thermogenic methane. The organic particles decomposed were covered in mud and other sediments. Consequently, the debris exerted pressure on the underlying organic matter. This cycle was carried on for long spells of time amounting to millions of years. Thus, with time, more and more sediments and debris was piled on the organic matter beneath the materials. This, in turn, continued to exert increased pressure on the organic matter. As a result, the organic matter was compressed. Consequently, the compression resulting from the overlying debris broke down the organic matter. This process was also aided by the exi stence of extremely high temperatures beneath the Earth’s crust (Victor, and Jaffe 26). Since the crust’s temperature increase with depth, at shallow deposits with low temperature, more oil was produced as opposed to natural gas. However, at deep deposits with extremely high

What is cybersquatting?

What is cybersquatting? 1. Definition Cybersquatting is defined as The registering of a domain name on the Internet in the hope of selling or licensing it at a profit to a person or entity who wishes to use it. If the domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark used by that person or entity, the owner of the trademark has a cause of action against whoever registered and is holding on to the name. Also called cyber piracy, domain name grabbing, and domain name piracy. We can distinguish different types of cybersquatting like: Typosquatting, also called URL hijacking, which relies on mistakes such as typographical errors made by Internet users when inputting a website address into a web browser. Should a user accidentally enter an incorrect website address, they may be led to an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter. For example: www.mbank.pl this is a web page of the biggest internet bank in Poland, however when you type it with com at the end , the link with lead you to the another private bank. It is only one of the example because typosquatting take into consideration as well following mistakes: A different top-level domain: mbank.org A misspelling based on typing errors: bank.com A differently phrased domain name: mbanks.com Domain Parking/Name-jacking- Purchasing a domain name as a second-level domain name. This allows the purchaser to capitalize on any searches for that name. Domain Tasting: getting domains for a five-day free refund period to test, then dropping for refund the ones that did not pan out. 2. Background First time when the cybersquatting term was used was in USA in early 90ties. It was the time when Internet babble exploded. Various individuals and organization could join in common network and share information. The Internet allows many user stimustanualy connect and exchange big amount of date- like images, sounds by going to different web pages or web sites. There was and still is huge marketing and sales potential in Internet unfortunately at this time not everybody could see it from the being. Long before many large companies realized the massive volume of traffic that the Internet could bring to their business, cybersquatters paid for and registered domain names using the trademarks of several prominent businesses. Note: Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) domain registration organ does not make a determination about a registrants right to use a domain name. What NSI requires is to providedin written form following statements: The domain applicants statements are true and the applicant has the right to use the requested domain name; The use or registration of the domain name . . . does not interfere with or infringe the rights of any third party in any jurisdiction with respect to trademark, service mark, trade name, company name or any other intellectual property right; and The applicant is not seeking to use the domain name for any unlawful purpose, including unfair competition. Despite of such a protection many companies like Frys Electronics, Panasonic, Avon and Hertz became victims of cybersquatting, because when these companies realized that the internet was the next big marketing tool, they went online to find that their company names had already been taken by these cybersquatters. It was the case with Panavision Company, which in 1995 tried to register their trademark as corporate domain and they found out that Mr. Toeppen is already the owner of such domain. Panavision holds registered trademarks to two names: Panavision and Panaflex, which promote main company activity, that is motion pictures camera equipments. While, Mr. Toeppen under Panavision.com were displaying photographs of the City of Pana, Illinois. On December 20, 1995, Panavisions counsel sent a letter to Toeppen informing him that Panavision held a trademark in the name Panavision and telling him to stop using that trademark and the domain name as it was illegal action. Toeppen responded by mail to Panavision, stating that he had the right to use the name on the Internet as his domain name. However he presented the offer to Panavison which state that he is willing to resale domain for $13, 000. Additionally, Toeppen stated that if Panavision agreed to his offer, he would not acquire any other Internet addresses which are alleged by Panavision Corporation to be its property. Panavision rejected Toeppen proposition. In exchange Toeppen registered in NSI another Panavision trademark Panaflex. The content of the web page contained only one word Hello. Panavision decided to take the case to the court (Central District of California) accusing Toeppen for: Federal dilution of trademark; State dilution of trademark; Federal trademark infringement; Federal unfair competition; Unfair competition; Intentional interference with prospective economic advantage; Negligent interference with prospective economic advantage; and Breach of contract. Meanwhile NSI putted both domains on hold, waiting for the outcome of this litigation. 3. Applicable Laws Trademarks identify goods and create a distinction between goods various sources. Trademark is unique for each company and is protected by the law. In case of Panavision v. Toeppen, Panavision Company is suing Toeppen for violating the trademark law. In the USA history of trademark law go back to the 19th century, shortly after II world war as response to the rapid economic growth and the need of manufacturers for trade identity and better protection from infringement. The first Federal Trademark law was enacted in 1870. After that the Federal Trademark law was many time adjusted to occur situations. Like on March 3, 1881 when the new amended trademark law target trademarks used in interstate commerce (and in the commerce with Indian tribes) based on the interstate commerce clause in the U.S. Constitution (art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 3). [2] Major revision of the federal trademark law was enacted in 1905, and in 1946, when Congress passed the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C.ÂÂ1051-1127). The name of the act is coming from congressman who had devoted himself to its creation in accordance with American traditions. The Lanham Act is similar to English trademark law because it adopted use-based principles as its foundation. The Act, however, put much more emphasis on use than the English law did initially, requiring not merely an intention to use the mark, but an actual use of the mark in order for the mark to be registered. This emphasis, however, was later altered in response to changes made internationally. The only significant amendment to the Lanham Act has been the Dilution Act of 1996. This moved further to protect the interest of business and basically means that marks that are similar to those of a business, and could be seen as a way to deceived consumers, are an infringement of Trademark laws. This completely overrode the 1905 amendment to the 1881 Trademark Act. Another amendment in 1999 saw the introduction of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. This act governs trademark infringement through domain names on the Internet. The introduction of this act basically meant that those who have rights to Trademarks also have rights to the associated domain name, so nobody besides Coca Cola can register the domain name cokacola.com on the Internet. This protects the Trademark of that company from misrepresentation. Beside the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, domain name disputes are typically resolved using the Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy (UDRP) process developed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). A complain in a UDRP to be executed must consist three elements as: The domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; The registrant does not have any rights or legitimate interests in the domain name; and The registrant registered the domain name and is using it in bad faith. For UDRP bad faith is consider in the following situations: Whether the registrant registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark; Whether the registrant registered the domain name to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, if the domain name owner has engaged in a pattern of such conduct; and Whether the registrant registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or Whether by using the domain name, the registrant has intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the registrants website, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainants mark. the main goal for UDPA is to give alternative solution for resolving such disputes for cybersquating victims. Process Under UDPA is quicker and less expensive than the standard lÃÆ'Â ©gal challenge like the ACPA. Moreover in case that any party loses a UDRP proceeding, there is always possibility of bringing a lawsuit against the domain registrant under local law. The UDRP process has already been used in a number of well-known cases, such as Madonna Ciccone, p/k/a Madonna v. Dan Parisi and Madonna.com. [3] In this case, Dan Parisi registered as a trademark in Tunisia. Moreover around June8,1998, Respondent began operating an adult entertainment portal web site. The web site featured sexually explicit photographs and text, and contained a notice stating Madonna.com is not affiliated or endorsed by the Catholic Church, Madonna College, Madonna Hospital or Madonna the singer. Madonna brought Complaint, which contends that the disputed domain name is identical to the registered and common law trademark MADONNA in which she owns rights. She further contends that Respondent has no legitimate interest or rights in the domain name. Finally, Complainant contends that Respondent obtained and used the disputed domain name with the intent to attract Internet users to a pornographic web site for commercial gain based on confusion with Complainants name and mark. The arbitration panel found against the defendant registrant based on: That the domain name registered by the respondent is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; and, That the respondent has no legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and, That the domain name has been registered and used in bad faith. Finally ordered the domain name turned over to Madonna. Additionally to ACPA and UDPA every particular country has his own law, which all cybersquatting disputes can be resolved. Below I presented couple countries and anti-cybersquatting law. Australia is another example auDA requires anyone registering a .com.au second-level domain to have a valid entitlement for that domain i.e. a registered business name with an Australian Business Number (ABN) issued by the Australian Taxation Office. However, this has failed to protect Australia from such cybersquatting acts. Any Australian citizen over the age of 16 can obtain an ABN (which is free) and use it to register as few or as many domain names as they like. Canada through its own Internet regulating body, the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) has taken a similar approach to Australia. Registrations for a .ca country code top-level domain must meet Canadian Presence requirements. The list is extensive and includes individual citizens and residents of Canada and in addition, Canadian businesses, Aboriginal Peoples and Indian Bands, Canadian trademark holders (whether Canadian or Foreign), Her Majesty the Queen and, Foreign Businesses with a physical Canadian presence. However, as with Australia, even this has failed to protect Canada from cybersquatting acts. In an unusual departure from trying to avoid the practice of cybersquatting, the CIRA themselves seem to encourage the practice by publishing on their website a very extensive Domains To Be Released List. This list is directly promoted on the site home page. The practice gives the impression of being intentionally designed to promote cybersquatting by allowing Canadian (or other) cybersquatters to literally go shopping for domains to register. Domains that can then be offered back to the previous registrant or a business or corporation with an affiliated name at an inflated price. Internationally, the United Nations copyright agency WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) has, since 1999, provided an arbitration system wherein a trademark holder can attempt to claim a squatted site. In 2006, there were 1823 complaints filed with WIPO, which was a 25% increase over the 2005 rate.[4] In 2007 it was stated that 84% of claims made since 1999 were decided in the complaining partys favour. 4. Case: Yahoo Inc. v. Akash Arora Companies in India have also faced the brunt of cybersquatting in the recent past. Besides, the courts in India have been extremely vigilant in protecting the trademark interest of the domain owners who have suffered from cybersquatters. The first case in India with regard to cybersquatting was Yahoo Inc. V. Aakash Arora Anr., where the defendant launched a website nearly identical to the plaintiffs renowned website and also provided similar services. Yahoo Incorporation is the owner of the well-known trademark, Yahoo and of the domain name Yahoo.com; both the trademark and the domain name acquired a distinctive name, good will and reputation. Yahoo.com had been registered by Yahoo Inc with Network Solution Inc since 1995 and offers a whole range of web-based services. The trademark Yahoo had been registered or was close to being registered in 69 countries. However, Yahoo Inc had not registered its domain name in India. Akash Arora started to offer web-based services similar to those offered by Yahoo.com under the name of Yahoo India. Yahoo Inc had sued Akash Arora for using a trademark deceptively similar to its own and passing off his services as those offered by Yahoo Inc. The issue in this case was that whether the act of Akash Arora in registering the domain name Yahoo India, to offer services similar to those offered by Yahoo Inc, is an infringement of the trade mark of Yahoo Inc and amounts to passing-off under the relevant sections of the Trademark and Merchandise Act? Yahoo Inc contended that Akash Arora adopted the domain name of Yahoo to offer services similar to those of Yahoo Inc and had attempted to cash in on the good will generated by Yahoo Inc. because there was every possibility of an Internet user gettingconfused and deceived, believing that both the domain names, Yahoo and Yahoo India belong to Yahoo Inc.. Therefore, Yahoo Inc. argued that Akash is liable for passing off. As the two trade marks/domain names Yahoo! and Yahoo India! were almost similar and the latter offered services similar to those offered by the former and as the latter passed them off as being offered by Yahoo Inc., the court held Akash liable for passing off and restrained him from using the deceptively similar domain name. The decision of the court in this case is based on the rationale that where the value of a name lies solely in its resemblance to the name or trade mark of another organization, the public is likely to be deceived by the use of such name and such act would amount to passing off. Probably the first reported Indian Case, where in the plaintiff who is the registered owner of the domain name yahoo.com succeeded in obtaining an interim order restraining the defendants and agents from dealing in services or goods on the internet under the domain name yahooindia.com or any other trademark/domain name which is deceptively similar to the plaintiffs trademark Yahoo. 5. Conclusion Looking at the current situation prevailing in the world, it is certain that cybersquatting is a menace. It is a menace which has no boundaries. In my opinion, it is similar to terrorism. The only difference is that in the latter human life is affected. Cybersquatters have robbed businesses of their fortune. Looking from the Indian perspective cybersquatting has been prevalent since internet came to the subcontinent. The courts in India have decided many cases related to cybersquatting. It is the imperitive for the parliament to enact a law which would deal with this menace. As of now there is no such law which prohibits cybersquatting like that of the United States. Cybersquatting has opened the eyes of governments across the world and has prompted them to look into this phenomenon in a serious manner. The United States by enacting the ACPA, has taken a monumental step in protecting domain names in its cyberspace. It is high time India and other countries come out with legislations to protect this virus from spreading.

Managed Health Care Issues Essay -- Health Care, Utilization Managemen

When one examines managed health care and the hospitals that provide the care, a degree of variation is found in the treatment and care of their patients. This variation can be between hospitals or even between physicians within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation may be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holder’s care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate unnecessary health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industry can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean every issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place. With the high degree of variations in health care, patients can be under or over treated or even treated with the wrong treatment for their illness. These unwarranted care techniques can be categorized into three different situations. The first category of unwarranted care is the use of evidence or lack thereof, based on other medical care. The way to explain this category is that a care plan for a patient is proven effective without any proof as to why. The example given by Kongstvedt (2007) is the use of beta blockers post heart attack. Beta blockers prove to be effective in nearly one h... ...rnational Journal for Quality in Health Care, 14(1), 5-13. Jacobson, P. (1999, July/August). Legal challenges to managed care cost containment programs: an intital assessment. Courts & Managed Care, 69-85. Kongstvedt, P. R. (2007). Essentials of managed health care. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett. McGlynn, E, Asch, S, Adams, J, Keesey, J, & Hicks, J. (2003). The quality of health care delivered to adults in the united states. The New England Journal of Medicine, 248(26), 2635-2645. Rodwin, M. (1996). Consumer protection and managed care: issues, reform proposals, and trade-offs. Houston Law Review, 32(1319), 1319-1381 Starfield, B, Cassady, C, Nanda, J, Forrest, C, & Berk, R. (1998). Consumer experiences and provider perceptions of the quality of primary care: implications for managed care. The Journal of Family Practice, 46(3), 216-226.

Plato’s Ideal City

The Ideal City In Plato’s book â€Å"Republic† he describes what he thinks would be an ideal city, for this city to be ideal it would have to be just. In his just city there are three classes of people; gold, silver, and bronze/iron; known as the National Division of Labor. The guardians of the city are placed in the gold category, the auxiliaries in the silver, and the farmers and craftsmen are in the bronze/iron category. Plato argues that the National Division of Labor reflects the requirements of nature and produces a harmonious whole. Wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice are the four virtues that this ideal city must have to be just. The guardians, also known as philosopher kings, being in the gold class of the city, are wise, knowledgeable, and most importantly they are philosophers. They enjoy learning about forms and think that anything else won’t bring somebody happiness. They believe that forms are the highest level of happiness and that by learning about and understanding forms brings knowledge. To be a guardian they must be ruled by their reason and not let spirit or appetites take over. They are responsible for ruling the city. Guardians are not allowed to make any money or have a job outside of guardianship nor are they able to own anything. At childhood they start an extensive amount of study in music, poetry, and physical training. The study of these subjects develops harmony between them and is said to be good for the soul. Plato argues that â€Å"a good soul by its own virtue makes the body as good as possible† (403d). In the silver class of the city are the auxiliaries, or in other words the warriors. These people have to be courageous; they are responsible for protecting the city and keeping everything at peace. They love victory and honor and go through massive physical training to be strong for battle and enforce the laws of the guardians. Instead of focusing on forms, like the guardians, auxiliaries put their focus towards particulars. That is essential in the job that they have because they need to understand what particulars are and how they operate to be able to fight. If they the people in the silver class flourish and thrive in their jobs, then they will experience happiness. Just like the lives of the guardians, the lives of the auxiliaries are completely controlled; they all live in the same place and don’t have any privacy, they all eat the same thing and have their schedule planned out for them and they’re not allowed to own anything. They’re not allowed to make any money or have anything that isn’t needed to be a warrior. Basically, the auxiliaries don’t have lives other than training. The farmers and craftsmen are considered to be in the bronze/iron category, they are the producers of the city. Unlike the guardians and auxiliaries, they tend to be ruled by their appetites other than reason and spirit. The farmers and craftsmen seem to focus more on belief and opinion other than the forms or particulars. They have more creativity than the guardians and auxiliaries which was highly despised of by Plato. Plato believed that imagination was nothingness and ignorance; he did not think that it helped you flourish or thrive in any way. He said that a thing such as art and imagination only brought pleasure and not knowledge, which he said wasn’t happiness. Even if you were and artist and you flourished and thrived in that area you still weren’t considered to be happy because you don’t know anything about the forms and art is projected as ignorance. They are able to have jobs, make money, buy and sell property, and own whatever they want. Farmers and craftsmen are considered free people compared to guardians and auxiliaries, they only have to follow certain rules obtained by the guardians. The city wouldn’t be able to exist without the bronze/iron category; the farmers and craftsmen grow all the food and make every product that is needed. If I had to choose which category I would like to be in I would choose the bronze/iron category. I wouldn’t prefer to be in the gold or silver category because I wouldn’t want my life completely controlled and not be able to have any privacy. Having my life all about the rest of the city and having my life planned out isn’t something that I would enjoy, I would want to make my own decisions and not having them made for me. Sure you could say that that is selfish and unjust but that is what would truly make me happy. Plato says that to truly be happy that you have to flourish and thrive as opposed having pleasure. I think that if I was in the bronze/iron class that I would flourish and thrive because in that class I have more opportunities to succeed in different areas of life. In the bronze/iron class you are able to live your own life, the life you want to live instead of being told what to do and how to live every day. In this ideal and just city, everyone: the guardians, auxiliaries, and farmers and craftsmen, have to do their own task, otherwise it wouldn’t be just. The people in these three classes all have to flourish and thrive in whichever class they are in. The guardians can’t do the job of the auxiliaries or the farmers and craftsmen, the auxiliaries can’t do the job of the guardians or farmers and craftsmen, and the farmers and craftsmen can’t do the job of the guardians or auxiliaries. If everything works out the way that Plato plans, then this ideal and just city would be the perfect utopia.

How Often Should You Take Complete Official ACT Practice Tests

How Often Should You Take Complete Official ACT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking official ACT practice tests under realistic testing conditions is vital to good ACT prep, but after a certain point you can hit a wall and stop getting any benefit out of it. In this article, we’ll discuss the frequency with which you should take ACT practice tests. feature image credit: Flying/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. Why Use Official Practice Tests? In order to figure out how often to take practice tests, you must first be clear on what you’re getting out of them. The top four reasons for taking official ACT practice tests are to: get accustomed to the experience of sitting down and taking the real thing (including becoming comfortable with taking the full test at 8am) build up your stamina and ability to focus for long periods of time figure out where your weaknesses are judge your progress and studying efficacy Another way of using practice tests is to break them up and only go through the particular section you need to work on at a time. For example, if you run out of time on the Reading section, you may want to take several ACT Reading sections in isolation to work on your time management. This way of using official practice tests is a good way to focus your studying and break up the monotony of doing complete practice test after complete practice test. It's also a better use of your time to do this if you’re only struggling with particular subject areas or question types. Because there are a limited number of official practice tests available to practice with (either as full tests or broken up into section-specific practice), if you think you have a decent chance of going through all of them, it’s important to plan out ahead of time when you’re going to take ACT practice tests. Set Up an Official Practice Test Schedule Now that we’ve discussed why students take official practice tests, we’ll explain how to space them out for students with varying amounts of time before the test. Note that this is only a rough guideline to get you started and that you should be flexible in your own studying to make sure you get the most out of each practice test. We’ve deliberately only included four complete practice tests in the schedules for various scenarios. For most students, practicing specific sections of practice tests is a valuable and necessary addition to taking full-length official practice tests, so you should break up and use the remaining official practice tests at your own discretion. In general, we recommend frontloading your studying with practice tests, because you’re most likely to need the most practice across different sections at the beginning of your studying. If you’re studying effectively, your problem areas should shrink as you go along, making it more advantageous to spend more time on specific sections, rather than taking full-length practice tests (or if you do take full-length practice tests, you need to be sure to review in between so you can improve). At the same time, you need to make sure that you’re taking practice tests close enough to the real ACT to not get rusty. 1-Year Practice Test Schedule If you have a full year to study before the ACT, we recommend planning out your official test taking so that you take... one practice test when you begin studying one practice test 2-3 months into your studying one practice test 6-8 months into your studying one practice test a week or so before the ACT You’ll probably want to take more than four practice tests over the course of a year of ACT prep, but they don’t all have to be official ones. Spend the time in between practice tests reviewing the questions you got wrong and drilling yourself on questions you find difficult. 6-Month Practice Test Schedule The way you space out practice ACTs over a six-month study period is similar to the yearlong study schedule, but the time between each test is a little more condensed. Plan on taking an official practice ACT... at the start of your studying 1-2 months into your studying 4-5 months into your studying a week or so before the real ACT 365-316/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Condense the sandwich of a yearlong study plan into a panini of a six-month practice schedule. 3-Month Practice Test Schedule With just three months of studying before the test, the timing of official ACT practice tests will get even tighter. You'll want to take an official ACT practice test... at the beginning of your studying three weeks into your studying 1-2 months into your studying a week or so before the ACT If you compare this to the six-month practice test schedule, you'll see that there are a lot of similarities; the main difference is in the timing of the second practice test, which needs to happen much sooner if you're only studying for the ACT over a period of three months. 1-Month Practice Test Schedule With only one month to study, you’ll be cramming a lot of work into a short amount of time. The same basic principles of lessening practice test frequencies still hold, however. Below, we've mapped out a sample schedule for students who only have one month to study for the ACT: Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Week 1 Practice Test Practice Test Week 2 Practice Test Week 3 Test Week Practice Test ACT! In the one-month study schedule, we've intentionally put the practice tests on Saturdays and Sundays so that students can take them at the same time of day as they’ll be taking the real ACT. However, if you can’t do this because of scheduling conflicts, that’s fine – just try to keep the same basic shape and spacing as the above schedule. What’s Next? More than a year out from college applications and wanting to start your test prep? Then be sure to read our article about SAT/ACT test dates and study plans for sophomores and juniors. What about if your prep time can be measured in hours, rather than months? Read our special 20-hour prep guide to using ACT practice tests for advice and tips. Ready to start taking practice tests but not sure where to find them? Check out our massive collection of free online ACT practice tests here. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Witchcraft accusations, trials, and hysteria in border regions and rural areas in Western Europe

Witchcraft accusations, trials, and hysteria in border regions and rural areas in Western Europe The sixteenth century was marked by a great number of witch trials in rural areas and border regions of Western Europe. This situation could be observed in England, Scotland, Germany, France, and other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Witchcraft accusations, trials, and hysteria in border regions and rural areas in Western Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To a great extent, this phenomenon can be attributed to the following factors: 1) official recognition of witchcraft and the activities of religious zealots who inspired the persecution of many people; 2) the stereotypes and superstitions about women and their relations with supernatural powers; 3) poverty, wars, and religious turmoil. These are the main issues that should be taken into account. At first, one should mention that the religious authorities recognized the existence of witches. For instance, it is possible to refer to the bull of Innoce nt VIII in which he grants local authorities the right to â€Å"do all things necessary† in order to struggle with witches (Innocent VIII unpaged). Furthermore, much attention should be paid to the notorious treatise Malleus Maleficarum which is also known as The Hammer of Witches. Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, who were the authors of this text, popularized the idea that many people could be the servant of â€Å"devils† (Kramer and Sprenger 41). To some degree, this book contributed to the growing hysteria about witches, especially in Germany. Finally, it is critical to mention that the stereotypes according to which women were more likely to be to be seduced by the devil (Verlet). They contributed to the victimization of many women, especially spinsters and widows since they were most powerless (Verlet). These are some of the forces that increased the fear of witches. Moreover, it is critical to remember that witchcraft accusations were more widespread in the ar eas that could be profoundly affected by wars and poverty (Lualdi 320). To some extent, they intensified people’s hostility to one another. Among such regions, one can distinguish rural areas of Scotland and Germany. Under such circumstances, people were more likely to use witchcraft accusations as a means of acquiring wealth. In turn, the most unprotected victims could be widows and spinsters. Thus, one should focus on the socio-economic aspects of this phenomenon.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, witch trials were more widespread in the countries where the influence of the Catholic Church was weakest. Again, one can speak about Germany or Switzerland. These states were mostly profoundly affected by the Protestant Reformation. Moreover, the role of Catholicism in Scotland or England was reduced because the government did not want the church to interfere in to its policies (Hunt et al. 464). The main problem is that the declining power of the Roman Catholicism gave rise to people who could be viewed as religious fanatics. Moreover, even religious leaders of the Protestant Reformation such as Calvin and Luther approved of witch trials (Ankerloo 11; Brady 626). In turn, the activities of religious zealots were least controlled in rural areas of these countries. This is another aspect that can be distinguished. Thus, one can say that the witchcraft hysteria can be attributed to a combination of different factors. Much attention should be paid to the role of zealots who raised panic about witchcraft and insisted on persecution of many innocent people. Additionally, poverty and war contributed the increased number of witchcraft accusations especially in rural or borderline regions. These are the main factors that made witch hunt possible in Western Europe. Ankerloo, Bengt. Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Period of the Witch Trials, New York: Continuum, 2002. Print. Brady, Thomas. Handbook of European History 1400 1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation, London: BRILL, 1994. Print. Hunt, Lynn, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, and Bonnie Smith. Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples and Cultures, London: Bedford, 2012. Print. Innocent VIII. Bull Summis Desiderantes. 5 Dec. 1484. Web. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.aspAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Witchcraft accusations, trials, and hysteria in border regions and rural areas in Western Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kramer, Heinrich and James Sprenger. The Malleus Maleficarum, New York, Book Tree, 2000. Print. Lualdi, Katharine. Sources of The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples and Cultures, London: Bedford, 2012. Print. Verlet, Melissa. The Witch Hysteria. 28 Sep. 2013. Web.

Climate Change in Boreal Forests Research Paper

Climate Change in Boreal Forests - Research Paper Example According to the research findings the shifts occurring in climate is hence highly likely to affect the forest areas as well, due to the change in precipitation conditions, leading to an expansion in some forest areas, particularly those falling within temperate zones; and contraction in certain other areas, such as those witnessed in the Boreal forest regions and the tropical forest regions. The changes are believed to have occurred due to the change in global climate and precipitation levels, over the years. Although it is highly difficult to predict with accuracy, the exact change in forest areas, which can directly be attributed to climate change. There are various evidences based on empirical research on the subject and other available literature, which is discussed in the following sections. Research suggests that the factors such as climate change fuelled with unsustainable human activities such as deforestation and extensive land conversions are driving the deterioration of f orests and natural habitation worldwide. According to Burton et al such activities is likely to increase the risk of natural disasters such as forest fires especially in forest areas which have low precipitation and is prone to dryness in the weather as is observed in the Boreal forest range. The conifer-dominated Boreal forest comprises of almost one third of the earth's forest systems covering approximately 1.7 billion hectares stretching across Scandinavia, Alaska, Russia and northern Canada. (MNR.org, 2012). Almost two thirds of this forest range is located in the Eurasian region and the remaining one third in the Canadian province and Alaskan region (Hare and Ritchie, 1972). In Canada the boreal forest spans over a region of 290 million hectares and extends from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest in Ontario to the lowlands in Hudson Bay. The Boreal forest comprises of a vast and varied range of flora and fauna, ranging from larch, pine, spruce to fir, birch, aspen, willow and alder. The overall composition of the boreal forest i.e. the natural vegetation, the soil, and the climate is relatively simple yet its interaction with the external forces as a result of climate change, such as the availability of necessary nutrients, rising temperature, and the ecology of forces has added to the complexity and gravity of the issue (Bonan, 1989; Bonan & Shugart, 1989; Viereck & Schandelmeier, 1980). The uniqueness of the composition of the Boreal forest enables it to sustain in the cold weather and store the large amount of carbon deposits which are held in its organic soils (McGuire et al., 1995; Alexeyev & Birdsey, 1998). The fact that the mean global temperature are on a steady rise and the temperature rise in the Boreal forest region, due to climate change, has been recorded in the upper latitudes in Northern Hemisphere (Serreze et al., 2000). The large scale transformations in the forest management practices, owing to the increase in unsustainable human activi ties, have resulted in a simultaneous rise in the GHG emissions (Schlamadinger & Marland, 1996). According to researchers, there are various other factors which account to an imbalance in the forest atmosphere which are likely to have a far worse and negative impact on the ecology, as compared to the CO2 emission (Jackson, et al., 2008; Bonan, 2008). These factors arise from the manipulation of the earth’s surface due to human activities, and have the capacity to affect the reflectivity of solar power leading to instant heating up of the atmosphere in and around the area hence ultimately resulting in disturbance and unequal distribution of energy within the climate system (Marland et al., 2003). The following figure shows the change in

Literacy evidence questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literacy evidence questions - Coursework Example Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation... People find a prince "praiseworthy" who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery. Question 3 (2 points)Save The following passage is from The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. Imagine that it appears on page 92 of a literary anthology. How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery, everybody realizes. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. According to Machiavelli, a prince who "keeps his promises and lives with sincerity" is recognized as a praiseworthy prince. Question 4 (2 points)Save The following passage is from The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. Imagine that it appears on page 92 of a literary anthology. How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery, everybody realizes. Read the words in the item below, and then type out the completed sentence in the box, including the form of the Machiavelli quotation that would fit in the blank. Depending on the item, you may be required to use Machiavelli's whole sentence or just a part of it. Make sure to punctuate and document correctly ( you need provide ONLY the page number for the quotation). Remember, you may not rephrase a quoted passage unless you are using brackets or ellipsis. Everyone knows, says Machiavelli, that a prince who keeps